PSIs, a set of metrics used to measure rates of preventable safety events, enable hospitals to identify opportunities for improvement and allow the public to make informed decisions when seeking safe care. However, PSIs have been criticized for insufficient risk adjustment, inadequate capture of preventable outcomes, and sensitivity to surveillance bias. In particular, the classification of admissions as elective or non-elective can influence some PSIs and may even influence whether a hospital is exempted from PSIs based on elective admissions. Admission classification is based on the internal definitions of hospitals and, as a consequence, may represent a major source of discrepancy among hospitals.

Researchers at Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, analyzed Medicare inpatient claims data reported by 3,484 hospitals during the 2015-2017 PSI measurement period. They examined the average percentage of elective (APE) admissions across surgical diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) in relation to hospital characteristics, surgical claims volumes, and numbers and types of surgical DRGs. The study asked whether hospitals with exceptionally low APE shared particular characteristics, reported claims for similar DRGs or were disproportionately exempted from elective-based PSIs.

The researcher’s intersection of machine learning and traditional statistics explained a 73.9% variation in APE among hospitals. In particular, surgical claims volume and 16 surgical DRGs were identified as the only consistently important variables and, by themselves, explained 70% of variation in APE. Moreover, hospitals with exceptionally low APE were disproportionately exempt from elective-based PSI scores. These outlier hospitals were not explained by their characteristics, geography, or surgical claims volume, or the types of surgical DRGs among claims. Due to the depth and extent of their analyses and the lack of any tenable explanation for APE outliers, the researchers suggest that some hospitals may have classified admissions in a way that exempted them from elective-based PSI scores.

The study shows that transparency into admission classification policies is needed to ensure fair and reliable use of PSIs when ranking hospitals and adjusting payments. Alternatively, PSIs may need modifications to rely on externally validated criteria.

Also featured in the August issue:

• Beyond Screening: An Interim Report and Analysis of a Multimodal Initiative to Decrease Colon Cancer Mortality (Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, California)
• Diagnostic Trajectories in Primary Care at 12 Months: An Observational Cohort Study (University of California, San Francisco)
• A Pharmacy Quality and Internal Audit Program Promoting Continuous Survey Readiness with Medication Management Standards (Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston)
• Professionalism, Leadership, and a Pilfered Apple (open access commentary)

Additionally, the achievements of the 2021 John M. Eisenberg Patient Safety and Quality Award recipients are highlighted in four articles with open access through August 31.

For more information, visit The Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety website.

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Note for editors    
The article is “Variation in the Reporting of Elective Surgeries and Its Influence on Patient Safety Indicators,” by Kenneth J. Locey, PhD; Thomas A. Webb, MBA; Brian Stein, MD; Sana Farooqui, MPP, MPH; and Bala Hota, MD, MPH. The article appears in The Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety, volume 48, number 8 (August 2022), published by Elsevier.    

The Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety    
The Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety (JQPS) is a peer-reviewed journal providing healthcare professionals with innovative thinking, strategies and practices in improving quality and safety in healthcare. JQPS is the official journal of The Joint Commission and Joint Commission Resources, Inc. Original case studies, program or project reports, reports of new methodologies or the new application of methodologies, research studies, and commentaries on issues and practices are all considered.